The course will commence by examining images of childhood and exploring the sources of these. It will introduce the idea that historical and cultural contexts influence values, beliefs, and goals of child rearing and the meaning attached to the concepts of the 'child'. It will then introduce a theoretical perspective that emphasizes the cultural context of child development, exploring the work of Trevarthen, and Cole, and will identify the concept of the 'developmental niche' as suggested by Super and Harkness. These ideas will be examined further through a range of illustrations of children developing in cultural contexts, which present a challenge to current western orthodoxies. There will be the opportunity to undertake a review of contrasting studies of children with a view to recognizing that underlying assumptions about childhood inform the ways in which social scientists conduct their research.

Applied Exercise Physiology courses are designed to apply the principles of exercise physiology in a practical setting, such as in athletic training, rehabilitation, and fitness and to meet demand in the challenging field of sports and exercise science. The emphasis is on applying exercise physiology principles to help individuals achieve their performance, fitness goals and health.

The course provides a detailed coverage of the needs for individual exercise prescription. It emphasizes the factors, which are thought to limit exercise capacity in different situations. There will be emphasis on screening, with a focus on identifying individual at risk and providing an exercise therapy or medical referral for treatable conditions. In addition, the students also will be exposed to the assessment, prediction and monitoring of an exercise program. Which includes identifying strength and weaknesses of individual, expected outcomes from exercise program, setting goals, checks the efficacy of the exercise program and make changes to the program.

This course offers in-depth coverage of individual exercise prescription, emphasizing the factors that influence exercise capacity in various contexts. Students will learn to assess and identify individuals at risk, with a focus on appropriate screening methods, exercise therapy interventions, or medical referrals for treatable conditions. Hands-on experiences are a core part of the curriculum, allowing students to assess, predict, and monitor exercise program outcomes. Students will refine skills in evaluating individual strengths and limitations, setting achievable goals, assessing progress, and making real-time adjustments to enhance program effectiveness. A key feature of this course is the integration of the Service Learning Malaysia–University for Society (SULAM) project, an experiential learning approach. Through SULAM, students apply theoretical knowledge and practical skills to tackle real-world health issues within communities, aligning their work with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and SDG 4 (Quality Education). This initiative empowers students and community members alike to foster healthier, more sustainable lifestyles. Continuous assessment ensures students’ engagement with practical tasks, reinforcing their ability to translate theory into practice while strengthening critical thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork skills.

The course covers knowledge on the functions and importance of natural resources and the environment related issues. Management strategies will be taught that would enable the students to apply them in environmental decision making. Awareness and auditing in Environmental Management System (ISO14001: 2015) will be extensively covered. Other topics related to sustainable cities, biodiversity management, sustainable development goals are also introduced with a local and global context. Besides that, this course also emphasizes the need to deal with people in managing environmental problems and the importance of education for the promotion of sustainable development and sustainability.